Gst 111

COURSES TITLE: COMUNICATION IN ENGLISH 1                 COURSE CODE: GST111
COURSE OUTLINE:

• COMUNCIATION:
• MEANING
• TYPES
• EFFECTIVES
• BARRIERS
• LANGUAGE SKILLS
• LISTEN SKILLS
• SPAEKING SKILLS
• READING SKILLS
• WRITING SKILLS
• SENTENCE CONSTRCTION
• PHRASE
• CLAUSE
• CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
• IMPEARTIVE
• DECLARATIVE
• INTERROGATIVE
• EXCLAMATORY
• CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
• SIMPLE SENTENCE
• COMPOUND SENTENCE
• COMPLEX SENTENCE
• COMPOUND COMPLEX
• PARAGRAPHING
• TYPES OF PARAGRAPHING
• OUTLINES:
• COLLECTION AND ORGANISATION OF MATERIALS
• LOGICAL PRESENTATION OF PAPERS
• COMPREHENSION PASSAGE
• PUNCTUATION
• SPEECH:
• ESSAY WRITING: DESCRIPTIVE, NARRATIVE, EXPOSITORY AND ARGUMENTATIVE

                                               

Course Content

COMMUNICATION
Communication is a process. It takes two or more for communication to occur or take place. Passing of information from one place to another
                                                Stages of Communication
                Note that it is a circular process

• Ideation: is the content or the information or ideas.
• Encoding: A stage when you attach words to your information
• Transmission: A way to channel the message or rather called the medium of information.
• Receiving of the message
• Decoding: interpreting the message i.e. to understand the message
• Action: Performing what is asked to do in the message
• Feedback: Sending message back to the person you received the message from.

                                < They are five (5)

• The sender
• The receiver
• The message
• The medium
• The feedback

                                Types of Communication
They are basically two types of communication which are:

• ORAL / VERBAL: Those are the one you alter and you speak.
• NON – VERBAL: Those are the one that include writing, reading and others like textures, eye contact, signs, photographs, Bill boards posters.

                                Classification

• Witten: is a form of communication which deals with writing of the information
• Non written: This is the opposite which includes textures.

                                Effectiveness of communication
If the purpose of communicating is not achieved then communication is achieved.
                                Barriers to effective communication

• Language: base on the language spoken to communicate
• Noise: It is a distraction to communication when communicating and there is noise
• Emotion: The emotion feeling at a present time can distract communication
• Culture; It affect communication may be greetings or exchanging pleasures
• Biasness: when communicating when a party uses communication to favour another party.
• Reputation
• Ambiguity of information: words having more than one meaning e.g. well

                                                                LANGUAGE SKILLS
There are mainly four (4)

• Listening
• Reading
• Writing
• Speaking

                                Two types of communication skills

• Receptive
• Expressive
• Receptive: Is the listening and reading whereby information is passed from another person. Note that receptive do more of the communication.
• Expressive: it is the communicating with other people through writing and spoken word.
• Listening: It is the making of conscious effort to pay attention of what someone is saying. It also the ability to accurately receive messages in communication process. Note that listening is different from hearing.

                                Things can affect listening
10 principles of listening

• While listening to somebody, you must not talk.
• Listening = 45% of communicating
• Speaking = 30% of communicating
• Writing = 9% of communicating
• Prepare yourself to listening
• You must let the speaker be at ease
• You must remove distraction
• You must learn to be patient
• Empathize (put yourself in the position of that person)
• Avoid personal prejudice
• Listen to the tone of the speaker
• Listen for points and ideas.
• Watch out for non verbal communication.

• Reading: getting of information from the writer to the reader. Comprehension of printed words and the ability to interpret it.

                Majorly there are two types of Reading

• Scanning: looking for a specific thing in a book
• Skimming: just looking through a book, nothing in specific.

                                Factors responsible for poor reading
                Classified into three (3)

• Linguistic factors: the level of the language used.
• Reader’s background: such as the school background of the reader.
• State of mind and physical health of the reader
• Hindrances to fast reading and comprehension
• Hunger
• Feeling sleepy
• Noise
• Finger pointing and head moving (it’s a bad habit in reading)      
• Vocalization: talking when reading
• Sub vocalization: mouth moving while reading
• Environment pollution

                                Expressive Communication Skill
                Speaking and Writing

• Speaking: try to be informed when speaking, be sensitive to the action of the listener. Have eye contact to the people you are speaking to.
• Writing: writing is the representation of language in a texture medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols known as writing system.

                                                Classification of sentence

• Sentence according to Function
• Sentence according to Structure

                                According t Function:
                To show the work the sentence is performing.

• Declarative: when making a declarative statement of fact. E.g.: Abuja is Nigeria Capital.
• Interrogative: when asking questions (“wh” questions and others). E.g.: who is there? When are you coming? Can you make shoe?
• Imperative: when given a command. E.g. stand up! Sit down, clap, and kindly leave my office.
• Exclamatory: when trying to show emotion when (happy, surprise, angry, afraid, etc.) e.g. yes! Eeh!

                                According to Structure
                They are:

• Dependent Clause (Cannot stand alone)
• Independent Clause (can stand on its own)
• Simple sentence: is made up of one independent clause. Sometimes short e.g. jump, sit, ope cooks very well.
• Compound sentence: they are two simple sentences joined together. E.g. it is raining but she is walking. They are always joined by coordinating conjunction. E.g.  1.  I am singing while she is dancing. 2. My sister went to the village and she brought Adora.
• Complex Sentence: it consists of at least an independent clause and a dependent clause and is joined together with subordinating conjunction. (If, although, because). E.g. a. when e handed him the alignment, he forgot to give the teacher lat sheet.

b. The student are studying because they have a test
c. Ope and a David went to the movies after they finis studying.

• Compound sentence:  it consists of at least to independent clause and one dependent clause. E.g. the man who lives in this white house is very rich but hi is not generous.

John went to the stream and he fetch a bucket of water which he used to wash his cloth
                                OUTLINE
Outlines is a mini summary of your work you to talk about. To have a well organized writing or an essay you should have an outline. An outline helps in guiding your ideas.
In essays:

• Put your outline in paragraph

(Introduction, Body, and conclusion)

• Structure your paragraph

(Topic sentence, supporting sentence and conclusion)
                                               
                                How to develop a paragraph
Five (5) methods

• Descriptive: By describing a particular object, the through this you can develop your paragraph.
• Narrative: presenting point by narrating an occurrence or happening.
• Cause and effect: The causes of a particular things and their effect. E.g. poor electricity supply
• Problems and solution: Knowing problem facing something and providing solution
• Enumeration: To make a list of something
• Compare and contrast: The similarities and difference of two things
• Classification: by classifying
• Persuasive and argumentative method: to speak for or speak against
• Analysis and processing
• Evaluation
• Illustration and example
• Statistic method
• Definitions

                                                PUNCTUATION MARK
They are marks use to give meaning to sentence.
Types:

• End punctuation mark: Exclamatory mark (!), question mark (?), and sometimes full stop (.)
• Full stop: use at the end of sentence, also in direct speech. E.g. The lady we saw there, said leave me alone.

                Use in between figures e.g. 8.25 am, also in dates 02.02,2013, even in amount e.g. 6.00k, decimal 0.005, percentage 33.33%.

• Question mark: It implies interrogative used in asking question. However, there is some question that does not require an answer even after putting the question mark. E.g. you are telling me you are smart? Require no answer… do you understand? It requires an answer.
• Exclamatory mark: use to express emotion. E.g. Oh no! Hurray! Wow!    Yeh!

Sometime use for emphasize. E.g.: leave me alone!

• Internal punctuation, mark:
• Comma (,): The comma is the most frequently used punctuation mark.

                To separate items in a series expect the last two as in:
She went to the market to buy oranges, bananas, pineapple, pawpaw and mangoes.
Sola, tolu, damilola and dare are going to school tomorrow.

• To separate figure in large numbers e.g

15, 346, 900
3, 000, 000

• To mark off an interruption in the normal structure of a sentence; this may be a clause, a phrase or a single word.

He is preparing, so I was told, to go and study in America. (Clause)

• To indicate addresses, dates, salutation and subscription in letters.

e.g. 121, our saviors’ road
                                Iba,
                                Lagos.
                                3rd January, 2001
                                Dear Sir, Dear sola, etc.

• The semi colon (;)

1. The semi colon is a stronger comma and therefore functions as a heavy comma in the point between comma and full stop.
2. To separate clauses or phrases already containing commas e.g:
a. Early to bed; early to rise
 b. No pain; no gain
c. United we stand; divided we fall
                                2. It is use to mark up separate statement which are internally separated with commas.
a. Mrs. A.A peters vice president;

• Colon (:)

The colon primarily is ‘a mark of anticipation’
E.g. it is use to enumerate
                                a. To introduce a direct speech
b. The teacher said: you should get out.

• Caret (^):

It is use to take care of omission and if signs is upside down.
e.g.: This by any standard ^is fair.

• Dash (-):

The use of dash is sometimes information can be used for different purposes.
a. It is used for separating or introducing a parenthesis.
e.g.: well – I will try
         b. To repeat or give a word or phrase in the sentence prominence
E.g. yes, I want it served – cold.

• The Ellipsis (“):

The ellipsis is used to indicate that some sentence, phrases, clauses or words have been eliminated in a quotation.
e.g.: the writer states that, “learning language therefore involves a mastery of the sound”.